“It’s kind of hard to understand Caleb’s injuries. Even doctors can’t say for sure
exactly why he has flashbacks, why he could be standing in a bookstore when all of a sudden he’s sure he’s in Ramadi, the pictures in his brain disorienting him among
the stacks, which could turn from stacks to rows of rooftops t need to be scanned
for snipers.”

This is an Evaluative Claim because it involves judgment of everyones perception of Caleb’s injuries. It begins with what seems to be like one person announcing they can’t understand Caleb’s injuries but the author then proceeds to mention the viewpoint of the doctors.Throughout the rest of the paragraph the author continues to use evaluative claims

“Whatever is happening to Caleb, it’s as old as war itself. The ancient historian Herodotus told of Greeks being honorably dismissed for being “out of heart” and “unwilling to encounter danger.” Civil War doctors, who couldn’t think of any other thing that might be unpleasant about fighting the Civil War but homesickness, diagnosed thousands with “nostalgia.” Later, it was deemed “irritable heart.” In World War I it was called “shell shock.” In World War II, “battle fatigue.” It wasn’t an official diagnosis until 1980, when Post Traumatic Stress Disorder made its debut in psychiatry’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, uniting a flood of Vietnam vets suffering persistent psych issues with traumatized civilians—previously assigned labels like “accident neurosis” and “post-rape syndrome”—onto the same page of the DSM-III.“

This section is an Illustrative Claim. The author uses examples of warrior mental heath diagnosis during war time to better help the reader understand the severity of Caleb’s condition. Also the use of the war time examples offer the reader a chance to “evoke sympathy” , because of ones ability to even try and imagine the mental damage inflicted during those war times.

“But whatever people have called it, they haven’t been likely to grasp or respect it. In 1943, when Lt. General George S. Patton met an American soldier at an Italian hospital recovering from “nerves,” Patton slapped him and called him a coward. In 2006, the British Ministry of Defence pardoned some 300 soldiers who had been executed for cowardice and desertion during World War I, having concluded that many were probably just crippled by PTSD.“

This entire section is a Factual Claim. The author describes historical events in attempt to bolster the credibility of their beliefs.