Barr, K. P., & Harrast, M. A. (2005). Evidence-Based Treatment of Foot and Ankle Injuries in Runners. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, 16(3), 779–799. https://www.pmr.theclinics.com/article/S1047-9651(05)00018-5/fulltext 

Background: This article looks at the treatment of foot and ankle injuries most commonly sustained by runners. It goes through the injuries one by one and explains the causes and how to treat them.

How I used it: I used this article to see what injuries could come from increases in ankle eversion. It helped me understand what the risks were and what that specific change in movement could do.

Dudley, R. I., Pamukoff, D. N., Lynn, S. K., Kersey, R. D., & Noffal, G. J. (2017). A prospective comparison of lower extremity kinematics and kinetics between injured and non-injured collegiate cross country runners. Human Movement Science, 52, 197–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2017.02.007 

Background: This study looked at the form of collegiate athletes that were injured and collegiate athletes that were healthy and compared the differences between the two.

How I used it: I used this to help make the connection between ankle eversion and increased injury risk. Many of the injured athletes showed significantly greater levels of ankle eversion.

Fields, K. B., Sykes, J. C., Walker, K. M., & Jackson, J. C. (2010). Prevention of Running Injuries. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 9(3), 176–182. https://doi.org/10.1249/jsr.0b013e3181de7ec5 

Background: This study looked at the prevention of running injuries by looking at their causes.

How I used it: The article looked at sudden changes in routine and said that they could account for 72% of all running injuries. It also said that those running higher mileage are at higher risk. These two combined helped me establish that changes in routine and or form for a high mileage runner can be a huge injury risk.

Gijon-Nogueron, G., & Fernandez-Villarejo, M. (2015). Risk Factors and Protective Factors for Lower-Extremity Running Injuries. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association, 105(6), 532–540. https://doi.org/10.7547/14-069.1 

Background:  This study looked at the causes and risk factors for running injuries in the legs.

How I used it: I used the part that specifically mentions that small changes in gait and impact pattern affects the whole leg and increases the risk of injury. This helps me show that the small changes such as increased ankle eversion lead to injuries.

Hata, K., Noro, H., Takeshita, T., Yamazaki, Y., & Yanagiya, T. (2022). Leg stiffness during running in highly cushioned shoes with a carbon-fiber plate and traditional shoes. Gait & Posture. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2022.03.021

Background: This study looks at the impact and loading rate of carbon-plated shoes and compares it to traditional shoes.

How I used it: I used it to shape my ideas around which areas of stress were impacted by the shoe. The study finds that impact levels and leg stiffness are not and that helped guide me in a different direction.

‌Hobson, B. (2023, May 31). Meet the coach, Claudio Berardelli. Runner’s World. https://www.runnersworld.com/uk/training/a43781904/claudio-berardelli/ 

Background: This is an interview with the coach of many elite Kenyan athletes. He talks about himself and his coaching philosophy.

How I used it: I used this article to learn more about the coach and his background when I introduced him in my paper.

Kiesewetter, P., Bräuer, S., Haase, R., Nitzsche, N., Mitschke, C., & Milani, T. L. (2022). Do Carbon-Plated Running Shoes with Different Characteristics Influence Physiological and Biomechanical Variables during a 10 km Treadmill Run? Applied Sciences, 12(15), 7949. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12157949

Background: This is a study on the effects of Carbon-plated shoes on an athlete over time.

How I used it: This study was vital to my research because it showed a difference between the studies that only looked at a short period of time and this. The study found changes in form in each athlete wearing Carbon-plated shoes near the end of the run. They gradually altered their form which was essential to proving that carbon-plated shoes alter form over time.

Matties, J. (2024, May 1). BIOMECHANICAL AND ENERGETIC TRENDS IN RESPONSE TO 8 WEEKS OF TRAINING IN ADVANCED FOOTWEAR TECHNOLOGY [Review of BIOMECHANICAL AND ENERGETIC TRENDS IN RESPONSE TO 8 WEEKS OF TRAINING IN ADVANCED FOOTWEAR TECHNOLOGY]. https://scholarworks.calstate.edu/downloads/2b88qm33k 

Background: This study looked at the effects of training in carbon-plated shoes versus non carbon-plated shoes for 8 weeks. They found that there was a significant redistribution of load in the ankle and MTP (metatarsophalangeal) joints.

How I used it: I used the studies findings to show that there was a significant change in load in the foot and ankle region. Other studies showed that the change of load described could lead to injury.

Messier, S. P., & Pittala, K. A. (1988). Etiologic factors associated with selected running injuries. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 20(5), 501–505. https://europepmc.org/article/med/3193867 

Background: The study was conducted in order to identify the most common factors that can lead to injuries in long distance runners.

How I used it: In the study they specifically mention increased rearfoot motion as a factor. This is also one of the results of using carbon-plated shoes and as such I used the study to show that one of the effects of the shoes causes injury.

Moore, S., Martinez, A., Schwameder, H., & Stoggl, T. (2023, July 12). THE MEDIOLATERAL CENTER OF PRESSURE MOVEMENT DIFFERS BETWEEN TRAINING AND RACING SHOES: A CASE STUDY [Review of THE MEDIOLATERAL CENTER OF PRESSURE MOVEMENT DIFFERS BETWEEN TRAINING AND RACING SHOES: A CASE STUDY]. Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Austria Red Bull Athlete Performance Center, Thalgau, Austria. https://commons.nmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2665&context=isbs 

Background: This is a specific case study done on an elite long distance athlete. She wears carbon-plated race shoes and they look at the differences in impact pattern between her trainers and her race shoes.

How I used it: There are case studies on both sides of the argument and this was used to show how personalized one’s response to the shoes can be. She had immediate adverse reactions to the shoes which is a known risk of using them.

Olivier, J(2024). Impact of Carbon-Plated Running Shoes on Rearfoot Motion. Proquest.com.https://www.proquest.com/openview/780cb1c3a10d506c522fa4285d63f35a/1?cbl=18750&diss=y&loginDisplay=true&pq-origsite=gscholar 

Background: This study focused on the differences in rearfoot motion between carbon-plated shoes and non plated shoes.

How I used it: While the results only approached significance and did not breach it they still showed an increase in ankle eversion and rearfoot motion among the subjects. I used it to continue to prove that the shoes cause increases in rearfoot motion and thus injury.

Ryu, S., Kang, J., Kong, S., Choi, Y., Yoon, S., Ryu, J., & Park, S.-K. (2023). Effect of running shoes with a carbon plate on running biomechanics. Footwear Science, 15(sup1). https://doi.org/10.1080/19424280.2023.2199280

Background: This study looked at the effects of a plate on biomechanics when compared to a normal running shoe.

How I used it: The study found that there was a change in load at the ankle that was statistically significant. I paired this with other studies to both prove the existence of biomechanical changes and to show that those changes have the potential to injure athletes.

Sinclair, J., Brooks, D., Taylor, P. J., & Liles, N. B. (2021). Effects of running in minimal, maximal and traditional running shoes: a musculoskeletal simulation exploration using statistical parametric mapping and Bayesian analyses. Footwear Science, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/19424280.2021.1892834 

Background: This study looked at the effects of different amounts of foam in the running shoes on the athlete’s body.

How I used it: The study found that maximal shoes increased ankle eversion. Maximal shoes are a category that carbon-plated shoes belong to and so when this study is paired with other studies that identify the plate as a cause of eversion it can be shown that the carbon plate enhances a problem already present.

Subramanium, A. (2024). Effects of advanced footwear technology on running mechanics and performance (Doctoral thesis, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada). Retrieved from https://prism.ucalgary.ca. https://hdl.handle.net/1880/119375 

Background: The study looked at the redistribution of load across the joints. They found minimal effects in the knee and hip but significant changes at the foot and ankle.

How I used it: I used this to show that there was a redistribution of load at the ankle. It helped me because they specifically used the same shoes with the plate and with it removed isolating the carbon plate as a variable.

Willwacher, S., Sanno, M., & Brüggemann, G.-P. (2020). Fatigue matters: An intense 10 km run alters frontal and transverse plane joint kinematics in competitive and recreational adult runners. Gait & Posture, 76, 277–283. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0966636219317795?via%3Dihub#sec0060 

Background: This is a study done on the alteration of form over an intense run. It focuses on form fatigue and its effects on the body.

How I used it: The study showed an increase in ankle eversion over time. It both said that this was an injury risk and added that it could be made worse with a confounding variable such as footwear. This helped me say that the use of these shoes over time/ when fatigued, is a large increase in injury risk.

Supershoes are reshaping distance running. (n.d.). MIT Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview.com/2024/06/25/1093520/supershoes-running-kenya-carbon-plate-shoes/ 

Background: This is an article looking at the effects of carbon-plated shoes on the professional running world both for the athletes and the sports structure as a whole

How I used it: The article includes the people I chose to rebut. It looks at professional athletes, and their physical therapists and coaches. They argued against me and I used the opportunity to emphasize individuality and the broad and more formal nature of my evidence.

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