1. (2024). Heinonline.org. https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/chiclat26&div=13&g_sent=1&casa_token=&collection=journals

Background: This article evaluates the “conscious and unconscious acceptance of a racial hierarchy where whites are consistently ranked above People of Color”. It also takes a look at internalized racism and the effects it has on students in America. It utilizes Critical Race Theory and examines the experiences of white students versus students of Color. 

How I used it:  I used this article to support my hypothesis on the factor of unequal experiences amongst students based on race and skin color. Also to make a point on how internalized racism affects a students academic experience in the classroom. 

2. Darling-Hammond, L. (1998, March 1). Unequal Opportunity: Race and Education. Brookings; The Brookings Institution. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/unequal-opportunity-race-and-education/

Background: this article speaks on Affirmative Action and the most recent effects of Affirmative Action on minorities now. It also talks about the nature of inequality in the education system. 

How I used it: I used this article to help my argument when it came to factual information on affirmative action. I also wanted to take a little bit of a deep dive on the nature of the inequality in the education system and how that affects the reality of minority students in America.

3. Weir, K. (2016, November). Inequality at School. American Psychological Association. https://www.apa.org/monitor/2016/11/cover-inequality-school

Background: This article goes into detail about the achievement gap in education between white and black students. It goes over the evidence of disparities, the discipline divide, and goes into the statistics of the graduation rate of white students compared to black students. 

How I used it: I wanted to show the recent statistics of the graduation rate between white and black students. I also wanted to include the achievement gap and help the audience become aware of the fact that there is an achievement gap to begin with and why school is harder to go through for black students compared to their white counterparts. 

4. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY. (2023, June 9). Post 5: Racial differences in educational experiences and attainment. U.S. Department of the Treasury; U.S. Department of the Treasury. https://home.treasury.gov/news/featured-stories/post-5-racial-differences-in-educational-experiences-and-attainment

Background: This article takes a deep dive into the racial differences in the education system in the U.S. It goes over the famous Brown v. Board of Education case, racial disparities in elementary and secondary schools, shows a table chart of the achievement gaps in those primary schools, and gives many charts on the statistics of different schooling achievements for minority students from elementary through college. 

How I used it: I used this article to provide my audience with information on the case of Brown v. Board of Education and its relevance to our reality now. I also wanted the reader to understand where racial inequalities in the school system starts and its gradual effects on minority students starting in elementary school all the way through high school and even college. I also wanted to use the charts it provides to show the reader the statistics visually. 

5. U.S. Government Accountability Office. (2020, June 29). Racial Disparities in Education and the Role of Government. http://Www.gao.gov. https://www.gao.gov/blog/racial-disparities-education-and-role-government

Background: Lastly, this article goes over the most recent information on inequality in the education system. It talks about school discipline and also the quality and accessibility of education. 

How I used it: I used this article to help me captivate the audience on the quality of education that minority students receive in this country and the difference in quality compared to the education white students receive. I also wanted to emphasize the accessibility of education.

6. Winerman, L. (2021, October 7). For Black students, unfairly harsh discipline can lead to lower grades. Apa.org. https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2021/10/black-students-harsh-discipline

‌Background: This article focuses on how black students are punished harshly and unfairly. It also relates the harsh punishments to black students having lower grades and less confidence in school.

How I used it: I used this article to emphasize the unfair punishments that minority students face in school. I also used it to help emphasize my point on the fact that minority students lose interest in school partly because of these harsh punishments. I emphasized how it affects their grades and school work.

7. Wesson, S. (2022, August 16). Education in Enslaved Communities | Teaching with the Library of Congress. Blogs.loc.gov. https://blogs.loc.gov/teachers/2022/08/education-in-enslaved-communities/

‌Background: This blog educated me on the school system enslaved African American men women and children had to utilize during the times of slavery.

How I used it: This blog helped me to further prove m point that what enslaved ancestors went through, has so much to do with the world today. In this case, the struggle for education. I was able to compare times from then to now, and explain how this has affected out modern education system.

8. Smith, R. (2023, August 22). Understanding Systemic Racism in Education. Robert F. Smith. https://robertsmith.com/blog/systemic-racism-in-education/

‌Background: This article emphasizes and further explains everything I talk about in my research paper in a shorter fashion. It gives specific key points and goes into further detail on each point of why and how racism in the education system exists today.

How I used it: I used this by going into better and intricate detail about almost every point I made especially when it came to the history aspect of the paper.

9. Hill, J., & Baker, B. (2024, January 17). New Report Finds Most States Have Deprived Schools of Hundreds of Billions of Dollars since 2016 | American Federation of Teachers. http://Www.aft.org. https://www.aft.org/press-release/new-report-finds-most-states-have-deprived-schools-hundreds-billions-dollars-2016

‌Background: This article shows the statistics of underfunded schools in the urban communities. It shows the difference between the qualities of well funded schools and underfunded schools.

How I used it: I used this article to strengthen my emphasis that schools that are underfunded lack good quality education. It paved the way for me to show how this can affect students with their education and the quality of education they receive.

10. Heard-Garris, N., Boyd, R., Kan, K., Perez-Cardona, L., Heard, N. J., & Johnson, T. J. (2021). Structuring Poverty: How Racism Shapes Child Poverty and Child and Adolescent Health. Academic Pediatrics, 21(8, Supplement), S108–S116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2021.05.026

‌Background: This website shows the specifics of how poverty is structured. It goes into detail about racism and poverty being linked together and how they affect a child and family life, specifically in urban communities.

How I used it: I used this article to show the cycle of minorities suffering from lack of resources that can diminishes their growth and chances of success as adults. I showed how the cycle starts over and over with every generation.