Exploring the Impact of Cluster B Personality Disorders on Relationship Perception and success Among Young Adults

Proposal:

In today’s diverse society, relationships play a crucial role in shaping individuals’ lives, influencing their emotional well-being, and overall happiness. For young adults, navigating the complex landscape of relationships can be both intriguing and challenging. One intriguing aspect of interpersonal dynamics is the influence of personality disorders, particular Cluster B personality disorders, on how individuals perceive and engage in relationships. This research aims to delve into the perceptual differences among young adults diagnosed with Cluster B personality disorders and how these differences may affect the success of their relationships

Background: 

Cluster B personality disorders, including borderline, antisocial, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders, are characterized by dramatic, emotional, or erratic behavior. Research suggests that individuals with these disorders often face challenges in forming and maintaining healthy relationships. Understanding the perceptual disparities related to these disorders is vital, especially among young adults who are in the process of forming long term relationships and families.

Resources:

Assessing Young Adults’ Beliefs Regarding the Importance of Romantic Relationships

Background: The study introduces the brief Measure of Relationship importance, a tool designed to delve into the evolving landscape of young adult’s attitudes concerning romantic relationships taking on increasing importance, shaping their identities, emotional experiences, and future aspirations. This period is marked by significant developmental changes, including the exploration of intimate relationships, self-discovery, and the establishment of long-term commitments. 

How I plan to use it: In understanding the intricacies of young adult romantic relationships, the BReif measure of Relationship importance provides a vital base line. It defines the spectrum of relationship attitudes, distinguishing between desire and dismissal. For typical young adults, romantic relationships signify significant components, involving desires for fulfillment and satisfaction. In contrast, individuals diagnosed with Cluster B personality disorders might exhibit a range of attitudes, potentially leaning towards intense desire or dismissal, influenced by their disorder-related behaviors and emotional experiences. By using the measure as a benchmark, we can discern the distinctive relationship attitudes between two groups, illuminating the nuanced differences that influence the experiences and outcomes in their romantic relationships.

Narcissism and Romantic Relationships

Background:The study delves into the intricate dynamics of romantic relationships involving narcissistic individuals, a subset of Cluster B personality disorders. Narcissism is characterized by grandiosity, a lick of empathy, and a constant need for admiration. Understanding the impact of narcissistic traits on romantic relationships is vital, as these individuals often display self-centered behaviors that can strain interpersonal connections. The study explores whether there is a correlation between narcissism and relationship satisfaction, shedding light on the challenges faced by partners in these relationships.

How I plan to use it: This study serves as a valuable background to understand the specific traits associated with narcissism in romantic relationships. By delving into the traits of grandiose, lacking empathy, and the pursuit of admiration, I can also analyze how these behaviors manifest within intimate partnerships. This understanding is crucial for deciphering the unique dynamics of relationships involving narcissistic individuals.

Classification of Personality Disorders

Background: This study investigates the personality traits of psychiatric patients, specifically focusing on those diagnosed with personality disorders compared to patients with other psychiatric diagnoses. The research employs factor analysis and cluster analysis to identify patterns within these personality traits. The findings suggest that personality disorders might differ only in degree from the personalities of other psychiatric patients, implying potential similarities in underlying traits across psychiatric diagnoses.

How I plan to use it: This study challenges the conventional classification of personality disorders. By highlighting the similarities in personality traits between patients with personality disorders and those with  other psychiatric diagnoses, it questions the current classification system’s complexity. I intend to use this information to critically evaluate classification models, particularly concerning Cluster B personality disorders. This study’s findings could influence how these disorders are categorized and understood in relation to other psychiatric conditions.

Discrepancy in Personality Perception is Related to Relationship Satisfaction

Background: This study investigates the disparities in how individuals perceive their own personality traits, how their partners perceive these traits, and how individuals perceive their partner’s traits in intimate couples. It explores these discrepancies with the framework of the Big Five personality traits ( Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism) and their influence on relationship satisfaction. This research is grounded in the context of the Swiss study “ OcDevelopment in Personality,” focusing on a study group of 216 heterosexual couples.

How I plan to use it:This study’s exploration of discrepancies in self- and partner- perceptions offers a valuable lens to examine the perceptual differences prevalent in relationships involving individuals with Cluster B personality disorders. By understanding these disparities I aim to analyze how individuals with Cluster B disorders perceive themselves, how these perceptions impact relationship dynamics. This understanding will enable a nuances exploration of the challenges stemming from distorted self-perceptions and their consequences for relationship satisfaction. 

Romantic relationship dysfunction in borderline personality disorder—a naturalistic approach to trustworthiness perception.

Background: This study delves into the intricacies of interpersonal thirst within romantic relationships involving individuals diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). Interpersonal trust is a fundamental component of close relationships, yet its dynamics, especially in the context of BPD, have been understudied. BPD patients often face challenges in maintaining stable interpersonal relationships due to their emotional patients often face challenges in maintaining stable interpersonal relationships due to their emotional instability and impulsivity. Understanding how trustworthiness perception is influenced by relationship-threatening situations critical to comprehending the social dysfunction experienced by individuals with BPD.
How I plan to use it: The study mentions perceived tenderness in the relationship as a protective factor. I plan to explore this aspect further in the context of Cluster B personality disorders. How do positive emotional experiences and perceptions of tenderness impact trustworthiness perception for individuals with BPD? Understanding these protective factors can provide insights into potential interventions or support systems that can enhance relationship stability for individuals with Cluster B disorders.

For my essay I will be examining “extreme parenting”. People of all races have different beliefs of “extreme parenting” whether they believe it is a good suit for their child to become successful and or it will harm their child to become successful by their child rebelling against them. The Wall Street Journal published an article called “Why Chinese Mothers Are Superior” written by Amy Chua arguing that tough love is great for kids. Amy Chua believed that not allowing her two daughters to attend sleepovers with friends, not participate in school plays, other extracurricular activities outside of school, and to not score lower than an A in class has helped make her daughters successful. In the article that I am reading for this assignment other mothers debate Amy Chua on why “tough” love for parenting may not be the best solution to making your child successful. 

Many of these mothers argue that “tough” love isn’t the greatest tool in order to make children successful. They argue that parents that show tough love to their children show higher results in anxiety and depression compared to other children that come from parents who don’t show “tough” love. With higher rates of depression and anxiety we unfortantly see suicide rates sky rocket in these children. Another negative factor that these children face is that they may want to rebel against their parents and actually do things that may hurt their future. For instance getting involved in drugs and alcohol. 

Sources

1. https://yourteenmag.com/family-life/discipline/pros-and-cons-tough-love

Background: The background of this article is that the author Faith Spalding explained her situation growing up with a parent that showed “tough love”. Faith explained that as a kid she never needed her parents to push her to get things accomplished like her homework and or her chores. She explained a time when she was grounded for multiple weeks for downloading a social media app which was Snapchat without permission. In the article Faith goes into detail between the pros and cons of “tough love” that parents show kids. 

How I will use this: I believe that this article was a very good source to use. This source is helpful because it actually has somebody explaining their situation when they grew up. I was able to go into the author’s eyes when she was a teenager and be able to see the way of life she lived in a “tough love” relationship with her parents. She does say that her situation was terrible and many other people have been through way worse. The author also sees both sides of showing “tough love” to children which I thought was pretty interesting being that she grew up in a situation like that. I will use this article because the author states both the pros and cons of “tough love” and that will give me a better range of understanding on whether extreme parenting is good or not. 

2. https://www.parentingforbrain.com/authoritarian-parenting-tough-love/

Background: The background of this article is that the author defines what tough love is and why some parents use tough love. The author states that “some parents use tough love because they’re afraid of their children walking all over them”. The author also states the harms of what tough love can cause to children mentally. The article states that parents who do not show “tough love” to their children are considered permissive parents. 

How I intend to use this: I intend to use this source because it goes into the definition of “tough love” in parenting and gives me a better understanding of it. This article also talks about the two different parenting styles and why both styles of parenting are conducted. The article talks about the “tough love” parenting style and why parents use this type of parenting and it also talks about the permissive type of parenting style and why parents use this type of parenting style as well. Both parenting styles have pros and cons and it was interesting to learn about the two types of parenting styles. 

3. https://www.betterhelp.com/advice/parenting/what-is-tough-love-and-can-it-be-effective/#:~:text=According%20to%20Merriam%20Webster%27s%20dictionary,parents%2C%20as%20it%20can%20mean

Background: The background of this article is exploring the research on discipline and tough love in parenting. The article goes into detail on what tough love can do for children that can benefit them and also on how it can be negative to the children. For instance an example on how tough love can be beneficial to children is instilling discipline in them so that they grow up to be respectful adults. An example of how tough love can be negative is that normally parents who conduct tough love parenting styles can usually be abusive to children which can result in mental health issues in children, issues as in PTSD, anxiety, and or depression. 

How I intend to use this: I intend to use this source because I feel that this source has many beneficial ways of learning the pros and cons of both sides of tough love. I will find it interesting to learn the negative effects that this parenting style has on children and what mental health issues these children develop due to having parents that show tough love. 

4. https://www.popsugar.com/family/benefits-tough-love-parenting-44560026

Background: The background of this article is pretty interesting. The author explains that she is thankful for her parents parenting style by showing tough love. She goes on to tell that she learned to become a responsible adult because of their parenting style. She explained at an early age she would be grounded all the time due to making mistakes, which she would learn from due to being disciplined by it. She also states at an early age she would pay her own cable bill from her chore allowance which taught her the true definition of a dollar.

How I intend to use this: I intend to use this source because I liked how the author was for her parents parenting style of showing tough love. She explained that she is thankful for how they parented her and how it made her a responsible young adult. I intend to use this source by seeing the benefits of showing tough love to children. 

5. https://themindsjournal.com/tough-love-parenting/

Background: This article is about researching that instead of parents showing tough love it would be more beneficial to children if they consulted children when a child is either upset about losing a toy and or is crying when they hurt themselves. This article states that later down the line in a child’s life it would help them more mentally if parents consulted their children more. For instance if parents are there for their children when the child is crying about something instead of saying “toughen up, get over it” it will help them mentally or not experiencing mental health issues like anxiety and or depression and also would help them become more emotionally mature when that child is older. 

How I intend to use this: I intend to use this source because I thought it was interesting to learn that it will be more beneficial to be with your kids more when they’re crying. I will use this to show that tough parenting is more harmful according to research in the long run when kids grow up. 

Missing Material

Before the Sources and their Summaries, JReggie, I need a “fleshed-out” explanation of your one-sentence Hypothesis. What do you propose to demonstrate or prove, what sources will be most helpful to you, how well has the material you’ve gathered so far provided you what you’ll need?

Find additional Notes in a Feedback Reply below that might help you answer that question, JR.

One sentence hypothesis:

I propose to demonstrate that exercise and physical activity is good for your health and physical fitness.

1.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780323625395000151

Background: This is a chapter of a book by authors David Hryvniak, Robert P. Wilder, Jeffrey Jenkins, Siobhan M. Statuta named “Braddom’s Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (Sixth Edition)” discusses how physical activity and cardiovascular fitness are two known factors for long-term health and longevity. Everyday activity is most important for health and well-being. Also discusses how exercise must be carefully prescribed based on prior fitness levels and past medical history. The chapter in this book gives a brief overview of exercise physiology.

How I plan to use it: I plan to use this article to discover how physical activity and cardiovascular fitness can benefit your health in the long run. I will use this to see how prior fitness levels and health conditions affect the way one exercises. To learn more exercise physiology and what it could provide.

2.Abdominal fat reducing outcome of exercise training: fat burning or hydrocarbon source redistribution?

Background: This is a chapter of a book by authors David Hryvniak, Robert P. Wilder, Jeffrey Jenkins, Siobhan M. Statuta named “Braddom’s Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (Sixth Edition)” discusses that high intense aerobic training is recommended for fat reduction in the abdominal region. Also, it states that aerobic training is widely recommended for obesity management. Anaerobic high-intensity intermittent training produces greater abdominal fat reduction than continuous aerobic training at similar amounts of energy expenditure.

How I plan to use it: I’ll use it by gathering information on how and why aerobic exercise targets abdominal fat tissue more efficiently than other exercises. How lack of oxygen in exercising burns more fatty tissue.

3. More Foot, Less Fork: Unraveling the What, Why, and How of Increasing Physical Activity in Patients

Background: This article discusses how poor dieting and inactivity can cause life altering diseases such as heart disease, obesity, depression etc. Nutrition and health professionals can play an important role in physical activity by giving their clients with counseling and plans to help them.

How I plan to use it: I plan to use this article by discovering physical activity and nutrition can help benefit people that are willing to exercise that are struggling with health problems.

4. High intensity interval training for maximizing health outcomes

Background: Discusses that there is solid evidence on how exercise can help prevent at least 25 medical conditions such as cardiovascular disease, stroke, hypertension, colon and breast cancer etc.  “higher exercise intensities may be superior to moderate intensity for maximizing health outcomes. The primary objective of this review is to discuss how aerobic high-intensity interval training (HIIT) as compared to moderate continuous training may maximize outcomes, and to provide practical advices for successful clinical and home-based HIIT.”

How I plan to use it: To see how HIIT maximizes the best health outcomes when it comes to physical activity. How it can prevent disease in anyone that decides to take part in it.

5.Mobile health assisted self-monitoring is acceptable for supporting weight loss in rural men: a pragmatic randomized controlled feasibility trial

Background: How monitoring your body can help with weight loss. It can help boost confidence in yourself with progress being made by your activity. It mainly discusses weight loss for men and what exercising could do for men.

How I plan to use it: I plan to use it by seeing how monitoring your body could help with confidence and also, I am a man myself, so I attend on learning more information about it for personal use.

In my research essay, I want to explore the idea that always trying to be happy might not be the best way to feel good overall. I think it’s a bit like thinking that being happy all the time is the only way to have a satisfying life. I believe that experiencing different emotions, like happiness, sadness, and even frustration, can be like adding different colors to a painting. It makes life more interesting and meaningful. So, my research is all about finding that balance and not just chasing happiness as the ultimate goal.

In my research, I expect to observe that patterns and tendencies can emerge, indicating a potential relationship between accepting a variety of emotions and overall well-being. However, the extent to which this relationship applies to every individual varies based on personal interpretation and context. So, while my research will contribute to our understanding, I cannot claim with certainty that the hypothesis holds true for all individuals in all situations.

Laflame’s Sources

1. Relationship between demoralization of the college student with their individual- and social-oriented self

Background: This study dives into how college students are not depressed but demoralized. In the beginning the author shows us the distinction between being demoralized and depressed. The author also talks about different studies conducted on college students to see how they feel in school. They use a Individual- and Social-oriented Self scale (ISS) to gauge students mental health. The measurement of individual-oriented self (ISS-I) was including four factors comprising the following dimensions: independence; self-determination; competition; and consistency. In addition, the measurement of social-oriented self (ISS-S) included four factors comprising the following dimensions: contextual self; interpersonal relatedness; self-cultivation; and social sensitivity.

How I Intend to Use It: This article will help me use quantifiable data for my argument and it helps give tangible answers to an existential question. It lists and talks about the reasons that college students may feel demoralized, but it also mentions how college students are able to enjoy the present and find joy in it.

2. The relationship between emotional intelligence and happiness in medical students 

Background: In this study, researchers looked at how emotions and happiness relate to us, the medical students. They found that if we have good emotional skills, we tend to be happier. This matches what other studies have seen. They also noticed that as we get older, we often feel less happy, but this can be different in various countries. The study showed that students who are more outgoing (extroverted) are usually happier. This might be because they have more social interactions. Additionally, if we have high emotional skills, we tend to feel healthier. This is important for our well-being as medical students. This study tells us that understanding and managing our emotions is linked to our happiness. It’s also good for our health. And, it’s suggested that shy students like me get more support to increase our happiness.

How I Intend to Use It: This study is useful because it shows that if you are emotionally intelligent you are able to overcome hardships and seemingly daunting tasks like med school. It helps prove that being able to cope with your emotions, gives you the ability to find happiness and content in the present.

3. Psychobiological factors of resilience and depression in late life

Background: This study talks about the role resilience has in Late-life depression, the authors in the study go in depth about how resilience can help overcome depression that comes with older age 

How I Intend to Use It: This study is a valuable addition to my research, helping me reach various demographics. It explores how different groups find happiness through resilience. The perspective on the elderly using resilience to lead a depression-free life strengthens my argument. It demonstrates that resilience applies universally, transcending age and background. By considering diverse demographic perspectives, my research becomes more comprehensive and persuasive. Ultimately, this article reinforces the significance of resilience in leading a life free from depression across different groups.

4. The surprising science of happiness

Background: Dan Gilbert’s TED Talk is about happiness. He says we often think big events will make us super happy or really sad, but that’s not always true. Our minds have a way to make us feel better even when things don’t go as planned. It’s like a built-in happiness system. He also talks about how we can make ourselves happy, even when things aren’t perfect. So, happiness isn’t just about what happens to us, but also how we think about it.

How I Intend to Use It: the TED Talk highlights that accepting and experiencing a range of emotions, including negative ones, is a more realistic and effective approach to well-being. It enables us to manage the ups and downs of life, adapt to changing circumstances, and create happiness from within. This contrasts with the idea of pursuing constant happiness, which may lead to unrealistic expectations and less resilience when faced with adversity.

5.What Is Happiness, Anyway?

Background: The author of the article helps define happiness. She says happiness means different things to different people. It’s about feeling good and having a sense of purpose. To be happy, you should feel personal joy and also care about others. Happiness comes from our brains, and we can make ourselves happier by changing how we think. People see happiness in different ways. It could be about family, nature, or being grateful. Happiness has different parts, like feeling grateful or understanding others. You can become happier by learning skills that work for you. Having a plan to be happier is a good idea, and don’t be too hard on yourself. Small steps can make you happier, and there are many ways to do it.

How I Intend to Use It: This article is useful because it helps give a basic definition of what happiness is to us. It will be really helpful when it comes time to write my paper because I can refer to it to make sure the definition of happiness I am discussing is not lost throughout the paper.

The Impacts of Art Therapy

This research paper discusses the mental impacts of art therapy on a person’s well being. The hypothesis being presented is that art therapy helps with expressing one’s emotions, as well as dealing with troubled adolescents in helping them address their feelings. Most research discusses the basics to art therapy, and its benefits and what will solve it. But it goes way deeper than basic expression, which is why my proposal will discuss how art therapy helps people become good at problem solving and developing new reward pathways in the brain, improving one’s mentality. 

Drass, Jessica Anne Masino, “Using art to teach problem-solving and other social skills: the effectiveness of the RATE Program” (2009). Theses and Dissertations. 607. https://rdw.rowan.edu/etd/607 

This article will help me see the methodology behind how to reach adolescents who are troubled through art therapy. It is written by a Rowan University colleague and is discussing programs we could improve upon on campus with the psychological background provided.

“ Teaching social skills can greatly enhance an adolescent’s self-concept. The idea of adolescent self -concept is based on an adolescent’s view of his or her own individual performance in eleven criteria. Those criteria are: mathematics, verbal ability, general school performance, physical ability, physical appearance, relationships with same sex and opposite sex peers, relationships with parents, honesty and trustworthiness, emotional stability and their general self (Hay, Byrne and Butler 2000). “ 

Berberian, Marygrace. (2019). Creative Problem Solving in Art Therapy. 10.4324/9781315229379-2. 

A new impact I have not researched yet has been brought up in this article I found interesting and it is art therapies impact on resilience. This is a new quality that I believe coincides with the others I was researching and offers a new perspective. 

“Regarding the promotion of resiliency, three key, dynamically operative mechanisms of change have emerged from current art therapy research: 1. As a conduit for assessing and mitigating connected memories and visual expression can organize cognition and memories. 2. attuned relationship with the art therapist aids in the mirroring and repair of disruptions in attachment. 3.  rewards gained from engagement in art- making lead to both pleasure and mastery.theoretically, these three broad functions work interdependently.”

Su, Fei-Ya, “How Can Students Use Art to Learn Problem Solving?” (2020). Theses and Dissertations. 8136. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/8136

The angle being brought up in this research paper is more expressing the teacher’s side of art. We see the impacts and focusing on the students, but this article brings into light how the art teachers see it from their end. On top of this the quality of the art teacher curriculum and the value art class holds is a very strongly led theme throughout this text.

“ In other words, although the formal study of art therapy and its classification as a job that people can specialize in has not been here for long, the actual practices it entails, its methods and purposes, are evident throughout history. This is because the desire to explore mental realities through visual engagement is “a part of the human condition” (p. 50). In this way, like with many disciplines, it is not that art therapy had never existed before its establishment in professional practice, but rather that the professional practice draws from a rich history.”

Bosgraaf L, Spreen M, Pattiselanno K, van Hooren S. Art Therapy for Psychosocial Problems in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Narrative Review on Art Therapeutic Means and Forms of Expression, Therapist Behavior, and Supposed Mechanisms of Change. Front Psychol. 2020 .

This source is a research study conducted on children who displayed psychosocial problems and how the application of art therapy impacted them. I believe this is a useful source as it gives experimental and scientific background while still overseeing studies that range within the adolescent age group. 

“ The results showed that the use of means and forms of expression and therapist behavior is applied flexibly. This suggests the responsiveness of AT, in which means and forms of expression and therapist behavior are applied to respond to the client’s needs and circumstances, thereby giving positive results for psychosocial outcomes. “

Zielinska, E. (2020, June 23). Art in times of crisis. The Nexus. https://nexus.jefferson.edu/health/art-in-times-of-crisis/ 

This source is just fitting with the topic of application of art therapy towards problem solving. This article does discuss the reward pathways and the achievements of using art therapy. The language they use in this article is also easy to interpret and has many credible sources. 

“When we are creating art we often are taking something unresolved and achieving resolution. We might be cycling through thoughts or emotions or ideas repeatedly, and making art can help end or change the cycle. There’s an actual product. We take an idea or feeling that was living inside and externalize it, giving it form so that it can be seen and dealt with in a new way.”

This research paper is going to discusses the innocence’s project. The innocence’s project is the work to free wrongfully convicted people and also help prevent people from being wrongfully convicted. Technology has changed a lot when since the program started and since then the new technology has help them prove people innocence. I will be taking a deeper look into how change in technology has affected the innocence’s project. Technology has both helped and harmed the people within the program because of how advanced technology has become.

Selby, Daniele. “DNA and Wrongful Conviction: Five Facts You Should Know.” Innocence Project, 2 May 2023 https://innocenceproject.org/news/dna-and-wrongful-conviction-five-facts-you-should-know/#:~:text=The%20emergence%20of%20DNA%20technology,exonerate%20hundreds%20of%20innocent%20people.

Quote: The emergence of DNA technology, which has the ability to provide irrefutable proof of wrongful convictions, inspired Barry Scheck and Peter Neufeld to co-found the Innocence Project in 1992. Since then, the organization has used DNA technology and litigation to help free and exonerate hundreds of innocent people.

Usage: This article will help me better under what new technology was made to help identity DNA and use that to help free people. Within this article I found many recourse and quote that can help me get a better understanding of the technology.

“DNA’s Revolutionary Role in Freeing the Innocent.” Innocence Project, 30 May 2023, innocenceproject.org/news/dnas-revolutionary-role-in-freeing-the-innocent/.

Quote: DNA testing may also develop a profile that matches to an alternate suspect or to someone in the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS), the national DNA database of offenders, missing persons and forensic materials collected from crime scenes.

Usage: This article help me get a better understanding of DNA and what it really is and how they are using it. It talks about how all DNA is different and how there are DNA fingerprints and these are now used around the world in most or if not all criminal cases because of how good these test are proven to work.

“Harmful Surveillance and Investigative Technologies.” Innocence Project, 1 May 2023, innocenceproject.org/harmful-surveillance-and-investigative-technologies/

Quote: Surveillance technologies that use algorithmic tools, such as facial recognition technology, frequently run the risk of misinterpreting personal information or using inaccurate information from databases that misleads investigations.

Usage: This article helps me understand how technology has changed and how with this new advanced technology has changed the world. There are cameras everywhere and with surveillance system and facedly recension helps with these case and help prove people wrong

“Misapplication of Forensic Science.” Innocence Project, 5 June 2023, innocenceproject.org/misapplication-of-forensic-science

Quote: To strengthen forensic science, we educate judges, attorneys, forensic experts, and other system actors on the limitations of certain forensic methods, and urge them to examine scientific evidence for accuracy and reliability.

Usage: This article talks about how most of these people that were convicted was because of misused forensic science. This program has only help strength the forensic science and made it better. This article as help with the different ways they gather and the test they put the evidence though.

“Explore the Numbers: Innocence Project’s Impact.” Innocence Project, 5 July 2023, innocenceproject.org/exonerations-data/.

Quote: DNA testing and analysis has become vital to exonerating innocent people and driving criminal justice reform. Decades of data on DNA-related and non-DNA exonerations expose systemic vulnerabilities.

Usage: This article shows me the innocence projects numbers and there rating how many people they freed and how many people were on death row and more. This article will help me see how well this program was doing before technology was introduce and what it did for them and how big of an impact it had on the innocence project.

Comp Proposals +5 

The corruption in the US healthcare system

This paper will focus on the negatives of the US healthcare system. From insurance and availability to all people in the US. The US healthcare system negatively affects all races, ages, and social classes. My claims will be on the difficulties that many US citizens face while dealing with the healthcare system in the US. My proposal will be why the US healthcare system is corrupt. 

1. https://healthpayerintelligence.com/news/urgent-care-center-utilization-skyrocketed-by-1725-in-last-decade

(n.d.). Urgent Care Center Utilization Skyrocketed by 1725% in Last Decade. Healthpayerintelligence.com. https://healthpayerintelligence.com/news/urgent-care-center-utilization-skyrocketed-by-1725-in-last-decade

Usage: This article will help me better understand the trends and demographics of people who use urgent care for their health care needs. I also can use these data reports for the prices and differences in pricing from urgent care to primary doctor visits. 

Quotes: “Healthcare payers saw urgent care center utilization grow by 1725 percent from 2007 to 2016, indicating that urgent care may the one of the fastest-growing choices for receiving healthcare.”

“Patients between ages 31 to 40 accounted for the highest percentage of urgent care claims, with 18 percent of the utilization. The next largest age groups were beneficiaries ages 41 to 50 (15.7 percent) and ages 23 to 30 (15.2 percent).” 

“Rural areas experienced significantly higher urgent care utilization growth rates than urban areas (2308 percent vs. 1675 percent).” 

“Urgent care utilization data found that payers spend the most on urgent care global fees, which cover all services in an urgent care center. Payers spent an average of $438 on the cost of global fees.”

“The data also indicated that retail clinic utilization grew by 847 percent nationally and that telehealth use grew by 643 percent nationally.”

2. Income, Poverty and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States (census.gov)

(n.d.). Income, Poverty and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States. Census.gov. Income, Poverty and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States (census.gov)

Usage: With this article, I will see and understand the percentages of people in the US with or without health insurance. I can also use this article for the data related to poverty rates and how that can affect people when trying to get health care for themselves and their families. 

Quotes: “Meanwhile the percentage of people with health insurance coverage for all or part of 2019 was 92.0% and 8.0% of people, or 26.1 million, did not have health insurance at any point during 2019, according to the 2020 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement (CPS ASEC).” 

“Private health insurance coverage was more prevalent than public coverage, covering 68.0% and 34.1% of the population at some point during the year, respectively.”

“In 2019, the percentage of people with employer-provided coverage at the time of interview was slightly higher than in 2018, from 55.2% in 2018 to 55.4% in 2019.” 

“Between 2018 and 2019, the percentage of people without health insurance coverage decreased in one state and increased in nineteen states.” 

3. Feldman, S. (1992, July). Taking America’s pulse. Management Review, 81(7), 12+. https://link-gale-com.ezproxy.rowan.edu/apps/doc/A12321888/AONE?u=rowan&sid=googleScholar&xid=fa9c8807 

Usage: This article had some good information that I will be able to use throughout my paper. It also touched on the part of the healthcare system that is being overused and/or where money has been wasted on insured people who didn’t need that drug, test, or operation. 

Quotes: “Healthcare costs account for 6 percent of total worker compensation and 36 percent of total spending on employee benefits” 

“Two out of three employers believe that their greatest cost problem in the 1990s will be the rising expense of health insurance.” 

“About one-third of those uninsured Americans are unemployed and unable to qualify for Medicaid; the others work part time or in jobs that offer little or no insurance.” 

“69 percent of U.S. voters say they would support adoption of a Canadian-style healthcare system; only 20 percent are opposed.” 

“More than half of the 65,000 pacemakers prescribed each year and nearly half of the 130,000 coronary artery bypass operations performed each year are unnecessary.” 

4. WebmedCentral.com :: The US Healthcare System: Current Issues And Proposal For Further Reform

(n.d.). The US healthcare system: Current issues and proposal for further reform. Webmedcentral.com. WebmedCentral.com :: The US Healthcare System: Current Issues And Proposal For Further Reform 

Usage: to prove the high costs of insurance and how even when citizens in the US are in the middle or upper class, they are still paying a large amount of money. 

Quotes: “ There are currently 15% or 46 million of citizens do not have any health insurance at all. A study showed that 62% of personal bankruptcies in the US are related to health expenditure in 2007, and meanwhile, average families have to pay additional $1000 each year in insurance premiums to cover the uninsured, which President Obama called “a hidden and growing tax”

“On the other hand, the high costs of health insurance put US business at a competitive disadvantage. US small business becomes more and more reluctant to provide health insurance for their employees.”

5. Kumar, S., Ghildayal, N.S. and Shah, R.N. (2011), “Examining quality and efficiency of the US healthcare system”, International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance, Vol. 24 No. 5, pp. 366-388. https://doi.org/10.1108/09526861111139197 

Usage: explains the expensiveness of the healthcare system 

Quotes: “The US healthcare system is characterized as the world’s most expensive yet least effective compared with other nations. Growing healthcare costs have made millions of citizens vulnerable.”

For my research essay I will be examining different companies’ ad campaigns about environmental sustainability efforts and if they are fabricated. Greenwashing has been around for many years, but after Covid, it has grown a substantial amount with large companies. Many companies are experiencing what researchers refer to as growing pains because consumers want to take part in an eco-friendlier society to decrease pollution and the brands just cannot keep up. Brands quick solution is to make promises they cannot keep or just blatantly lie in their ads to keep customers coming back. We have seen this in numerous brands that include fashion, vehicles, furniture, and even soda. With the number of pollutants these companies are putting into the atmosphere, it is necessary that they keep being exposed for greenwashing and consumers learning what to keep an eye out for.

Hicks, Robin. (2020, May 28). Cheap virgin plastic is being sold as recycled plastic—it’s time for better recycling certification. Eco-Business. Cheap virgin plastic is being sold as recycled plastic—it’s time for better recycling certification | News | Eco-Business | Asia Pacific

Background: This article provides sources about companies lying by using cheaper virgin plastic with recycled plastic and advertising it as “100% recycled plastic” in order to draw in consumers from being “economically sustainable.” After Covid, the price of virgin polyethylene terephthalate (PET) has dropped significantly which is a temptation for companies to use it because of its similarities to recycle plastic. Without laboratory tests, it is hard to tell what the companies are truly using.

How I Intend to Use it: I intend to use the information from this article to support my argument that companies lie to the public partially because of the growing pains they face when it comes to being environmentally friendly. The transparency this company lacks has hidden their unsustainability and lies from the public, but this lie being exposed shows customers that the company isn’t trustworthy anymore. Having a third-party verification system might be the solution to companies being truthful about their plastic usage.

Quotes: “In the recycling business, there are people who have benefitted from a lack of transparency for a long time,” he said. – Josse Kunst

“The high price of recycled plastic has tempted manufacturers to mix in much cheaper virgin plastic and sell it as 100 per cent recycled material.”

Rannard, G. (2022, February 7). Climate change: Top companies exaggerating their progress – study. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-60248830

Background: This article provides in detail what multiple big companies have promised to increase efforts in becoming environmentally sustainable. One in particular was Ikea, a big furniture company who has made promises to reduce their carbon footprint by 2030. According to the Corporate Clime Responsibility Monitor in 2022, Ikea’s promises have come up as unreachable by their promised time.

How I Intend to Use it: I intend to use this article to support the argument that companies come up with unrealistic promises in their campaigns to people please. Their consumer base is looking for answers to how they are going to decrease their carbon footprint, so putting out fake stories to appease them is what they’re doing with no real plan.

Quotes:

“We are reducing the climate footprint from IKEA retail operations, customer and co-worker travel and home deliveries. We are switching to renewable energy and aim for all home deliveries to be made using zero emissions vehicles by 2025.”- link promise made by Ikea

Schwenk, C. (2022). Sustainable or greenwash? An analysis of how fast fashion brands use Social Media Marketing. https://repositorio.ucp.pt/bitstream/10400.14/40217/1/203132149.pdf

Background: In this research paper, I have found that clothing brands are using what is called, “the 7 sins of greenwashing.” For example, the clothing brand Mango uses greenwashing on their Instagram pages when pushing out their so-called sustainable collection, but really most of the clothing did not come from the cellulose fibers it claimed. The article referred to this as, sin of trade-off, or in other words the brand was lying about the materials they were using. Pg.39

How I Intend to Use it: I intend to use this piece to show how companies create false advertising just so they can get more publicity for their product to sell.In this case it’s fashion, which adds 8-10% to the world’s carbon emissions and to 20% of wastewater according to Mark Brewer in his promoting sustainability article.

Brewer, M. K. (2019). Slow Fashion in a Fast Fashion World: Promoting Sustainability and Responsibility. Laws, 8(4), 24. MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/laws8040024

‌Quotes:

Pizzetti, M., Gatti, L., & Seele, P. (2019). Firms Talk, Suppliers Walk: Analyzing the Locus of Greenwashing in the Blame Game and Introducing “Vicarious Greenwashing.” Journal of Business Ethics, 170(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04406-2

Background: This article discusses what greenwashing is and it explains why companies participate in it; they are trying to appeal to consumers as well as dodge penalties from higher ups like the government. Defines that indirect greenwashing is when a company is in communication with being more sustainable but working with an external supplier that is not, by buying and using their products.

How I Intend to Use it: Introducing a question if companies declare they are going green, but buy (and support) a supplier that is not on the same page, are they still economically sustainable? Going to argue no because the company is attempting to decrease their carbon footprint, or even try to be net neutral, they would try and find another reliable source that also wants to achieve this. If not, they are still adding to pollution one way or another in their company.

Quotes:

“We expect that, when a declared control of the supply-chain is present, a company culpable of indirect or vicarious greenwashing is perceived as also being accountable for the supplier’s actions. Such expanded accountability leads to greater blame.”- section H1

“Moreover, if the misbehavior is not controllable by a company, then a company can adopt a sustainability standard in order to force a supplier to act sustainably, or it can select more sustainable suppliers.”- section H3

Hotten, R. (2015, December 10). Volkswagen: The scandal explained. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-34324772

&

Rechtin, M. (2016, March 29). FTC Charges Volkswagen With False Advertising. Consumer Reports. https://www.consumerreports.org/volkswagen/ftc-charges-volkswagen-with-false-advertising/#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20FTC%20complaint%2C%20Volkswagen%20promoted%20its

Background: A popular German car brand, Volkswagen, was caught with false advertisements on their supposedly “clean car” campaign that was aired in many places including the Super Bowl ads. The FTC (Federal Trade Commission) caught Volkswagen cheating on government emissions tests with a defeat devise that covered the amount of emissions the car spewed out, which was actually 40 times over the legal limit. More than 550,000 cars were sold to consumers who thought they were getting sustainable cars to help the environment but really were a part of a scheme for the company to put a pretty high price tag on these vehicles.

How I Intend to Use it: I will use this in my paper to argue that these companies are using big ad campaigns, including Superbowl’s, social media campaigns, and print advertising to greenwash people into thinking they are moving towards sustainability growth, but really are out to make a quick buck. By doing this they hit their target market of “environmentally conscious” consumers by taking advantage of them through the biggest ad campaigns. Not only is the pollution getting worst, but the consumers are also losing their money.

Quotes:

“The campaign slogans included claims that the VW Jetta diesel “reduces nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions by up to 90 percent,” and that the Audi TDI engines emit “fewer NOx emissions than comparable gasoline engines,” and “meet the strictest EPA standards in the U.S.” 

“As a result, consumers didn’t get the benefit of the environmentally friendly car they thought they were purchasing, and resale values likely will fall.”