Bibliography—Patrickthestar1

California Health Care Foundation. (2022).Health4All: Expanding Medicaid for undocumented immigrants in California. California Health Care Foundation. Retrieved from [https://health-access.org/campaigns/health4all/]

How I Used It: This source was important to show how community based programs can help a wide range of people who would otherwise be denied access to healthcare. Health4all in California demonstrated how these programs can help restore trust between underserved communities and the local government systems.

Connell, C. L., Wang, S. C., Crook, L., & Yadrick, K. (2019). Barriers to healthcare seeking and provision among African American adults in the rural Mississippi Delta region: Community and provider perspectives. *Journal of Community Health, 44*(4), 636–645. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-019-00620-1

How I Used It: This article was utilized to discuss barriers to healthcare access especially in rural areas and it also highlights the inequalities faced by african americans.It provided important examples of challenges that persist in these communities.It also compared health outcomes between people of color in these areas (obesity,diabetes,infant mortality rates).

Crowe, R. P., Kennel, J., Fernandez, A. R., Burton, B. A., Wang, H. E., Van Vleet, L., Bourn, S. S., & Myers, J. B. (2023).Racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic disparities in out-of-hospital pain management for patients with long bone fractures. *Annals of Emergency Medicine, 82*(5), 535–545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2023.03.035

How I Used It: Pain management among racial groups and emphasizes biases in treatment.It supported the argument in heatcare treatment about the neglect of black patients in the healthcare systems.It reported information on EMS systems and how likely patients of color receive treatment specific to them.

Đoàn, L. N., Chong, S. K., Misra, S., Kwon, S. C., & Yi, S. S. (2021).Immigrant communities and COVID-19: Strengthening the public health response. *American Journal of Public Health, 111*(S3), S224–S231. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306433

How I Used It: The source illustrated the pandemic’s disproportionate effect on immigrant communities and confusion about health services as a whole.I also used this article for explaining its effects of children that were food insecure and those with housing instabilities because it provided a direct effect the pandemic was having on people who lacked access to resources prior to the start of it.

Klick, J., & Satel, S. (2011). The health disparities myth: Diagnosing the treatment gap. The AEI Press. https://www.aei.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/20080630_HealthDisparitiesMyth.pdf

How I Used It: This source explained why the author believes that healthcare and mental health is more personal responsibility and how the government should not intervene.It attributes healthcare problems to education levels and socio economic levels rather than systemic failures.While Dr.Satel does provide some compelling statistics she fails to make correlations between historic racial practices such as redlining and misleading studies that instilled mistrust between marginalized communities and healthcare providers.It also leads into my solution paragraphs which go on to describe how government intervention is the solution to bridge gaps in care which keep these communities behind.

LaVeist, T. A., Pérez-Stable, E. J., Richard, P., Anderson, A., Isaac, L. A., Santiago, R., Okoh, C., Breen, N., Farhat, T., Assenov, A., & Gaskin, D. J. (2023). The economic burden of racial, ethnic, and educational health inequities in the US. JAMA, 329(19), 1682–1692. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2023.5965

How I Used It: This article provided key data on the economic toll of health inequities, including racial and ethnic disparities which includes a staggering 421.1 billion dollar loss. I found this important to use because it gives us a more real adverse effect on the healthcare system.

Nix, E. (2017, May 16).Tuskegee Experiment: The infamous syphilis study. *History.* Updated June 13, 2023. Retrieved from [https://www.history.com/news/the-infamous-40-year-tuskegee-study]

How I Used It:This historical account was used to contextualize distrust in the healthcare system among African Americans, emphasizing how unethical practices like the Tuskegee Syphilis Study created long-lasting barriers to care.

Page, K. R., Venkataramani, M., Beyrer, C., & Polk, S. (2020). Undocumented U.S. immigrants and COVID-19. *New England Journal of Medicine, 382*(21), e62. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2005953

How I Used It: This source was instrumental in examining the pandemic’s impact on undocumented immigrants,policies like the public charge rule had real effects on immigrant populations. It highlighted a specific policy that directly prevented immigrants from seeking care because it painted them as a liability to the American people and could be used against them if they decided to pursue citizenship if they used public service systems such as food stamps and medicaid.

Pew Research Center. (2020). 59% of U.S. parents with lower incomes say their child may face digital obstacles in schoolwork. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from [https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2020/09/10/59-of-u-s-parents-with-lower-incomes-say-their-child-may-face-digital-obstacles-in-schoolwork/]

How I Used It:This Data provided yet another example of how low income communities were left behind throughout the pandemic. If kids lacked access to technology they couldn’t complete assignments and this caused additional stress in low income households.It also introduces the importance of telehealth as a solution white addressing the potential shortcomings of using this as the only solution.The statics reports that 59 percent of lower income individuals struggled accessing their coursework which is more than most people realize.

Rathore, K., Connolly, G., & Karter, C. (2020, September). Recommendations to address the inequitable impacts of COVID-19 in child welfare, housing, and community capacity. *Chapin Hall Issue Brief.* Chapin Hall at the University of Chicago.

How I Used It: This brief provided specific policy recommendations and how policies that have been normalized and actually counterproductive and requite shifts to focus on social services.

Thomeer, M. B., Moody, M. D., & Yahirun, J. (2023). Racial and ethnic disparities in mental health and mental health care during the COVID-19 pandemic. *Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 10*(2), 961–976. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-022-01284-9

How I Used It: The article detailed how the pandemic widened pre-existing disparities in mental health care showing how the most common solutions often excluded the same select few.For example black and hispanic people experienced a higher rate of transmission and that cause is explored as these communities are more likely to live in extended households.Another aspect i find particularly important in this article is how it explores other significant events to these communities such as the death of breonna taylor and George Floyd.This is a stressor that many wouldnt understand if you aren’t part of these communities but the added stress contributed to the worsening of symptoms that were being ignored such as anxiety or depression.

NYC Well. (2021).NYC Well: 24/7 mental health support. Retrieved from [https://nycwell.cityofnewyork.us/en/]

How I Used It: Used as an example of successful community-based initiatives offering multilingual mental health support. It demonstrated how localized, accessible programs could help bridge gaps in care for diverse populations. I also believe it’s important because just like the health4all initiative California started it shows how large cities were able to provide care for their own regardless of status.It also provides a small and attainable change that can be implemented.